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Athens
Athens is the capital of one of the world's most ancient civilizations. If you can look past the smog and the somewhat gritty exterior, you'll discover that Athens boasts some of Europe's most impressive treasures. From mousaka to museums to mythological wonders, this bustling city has it all.
Athens is located on Greece's mainland and has a history that spans over 3,000 years. A variety of temples, museums, and galleries pay homage to its rich history and cultural identity.
Athens is one big archaeological site, and exciting new finds are being discovered all the time. Among its many ancient treasures are the Acropolis. This massive complex is perhaps Athens's most recognizable symbol and dominates the cityscape. Within the Acropolis are the Parthenon, which was built as a temple to honor the goddess Athena; the Theatre of Herodes Atticus; and the Acropolis Museum, which includes displays of statues and artifacts dating as far back as the 5 th century B.C. Visitors can view more of Greece's art and antiquities at a number of museums, including the Greek National Gallery, the Museum of Cycladic Art, the National Archaeological Museum, and the National Historical Museum.
Like the Roman Forum, the Ancient Agora was the heart of ancient Athens's political and religious life. Within the Agora are the ruins of the Temple of Hephaestus and the Odeion of Agrippa, a covered theatre.
Athens has also played an important role in the field of athletics. The first modern Olympics were staged in Athens in 1896; the city hosted the games again in 2004. Panathinaiko Stadium, constructed of white marble, was built for the first Olympics. The stadium is one of the city's historic gems and is still used today for various sporting events.
Greece is known for its many markets, and Athens is home to some of the largest and most impressive markets in the country. One of the city's liveliest markets is the Monastiráki market, which features a myriad of items such as antiques, leather goods, hand-woven rugs, second-hand books, clothing, and gold and silver jewelry.
One of the best ways to pass the time in Athens is at one of its many local tavernas, and a trip to Athens wouldn't be complete without sampling some of its epicurean delights. Traditional Greek food includes meat (usually pork or goat), fresh fish, humus, stuffed vine leaves, olives, baklava (a sweet, gooey pastry), and Greek yogurt with honey. Two of Greece's biggest crops are olives and grapes, so visitors will find lots of local wines and liquors to try. In keeping with the true Mediterranean spirit, meals begin late in the evening and can last well into the morning hours.
Athens underwent massive redevelopment and modernization in preparation for the 2004 Summer Olympics. As a result, many of the city's most popular attractions are linked by a series of pedestrianized walkways. For those sites that are not easily accessible on foot, Athens has a system of buses, trams, trains, metros, and taxis.
Greece is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Berlin
Berlin has a colorful and sometimes painful history, but it has emerged as a modern city that attracts millions of visitors each year from all over the world.
Berlin is Germany's capital and largest city. It is located in northeast Germany and has a population of around three and a half million within the city limits. Berlin has been the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, and the Third Reich before regaining status as the capital of a reunified Germany in 1990.
Most visitors to Berlin seek out three of its main landmarks: the Berlin Wall, Checkpoint Charlie, and the Brandenburg Gate. Erected in 1961 as a barrier between East and West Germany, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, but parts of it still stand today as a grim reminder of Berlin's past. Checkpoint Charlie was a nickname the Western Allies used for the crossing point between East and West Berlin during the Cold War. A replica booth and sign stand at the original site today; the original is in the Allied Museum in Zehlendorf. The Brandenburg Gate once marked the official entrance to Berlin. This imposing structure, with its unique Grecian design, dominates the surrounding streets and is now one of Europe's most recognizable icons.
Berlin boasts dozens of museums and art galleries dedicated to preserving and honoring its history, both good and bad. These include the Deutsches Historisches Museum (German Historical Museum), the Jüdisches Museum (Jewish Museum), and the Museum of European Cultures, among others. The city does not shy away from its role during World War II and has erected several monuments and museums to honor the victims of the Nazi regime. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, for example, is an emotional site occupying an entire block near the Brandenburg Gate. The Topography of Terror is an open-air museum that documents the Nazis' control during World War II. Other major sites in Berlin include the Berliner Dom, Berlin's largest cathedral; the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church; and the Reichstag, or German Parliament, which has an observation deck inside where visitors can take in the stunning views of the city.
The present climate in Berlin is one of optimism and excitement. The city hosts a variety of cultural events, including the world-famous Love Parade held in the Tiergarten each July, and has an active nightlife. The Mitte district is the historical center of Berlin and its trendiest neighborhood with a variety of cafés, restaurants, bars, clubs, shop, museums, and galleries.
Berlin is linked by a system of public buses, trains, trams, taxis, and an underground system called the U-Bahn. Bicycling is another great way to get around Berlin, and bikes can be rented from various locations throughout the city.
Germany is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Brighton
Brighton, England has all of the characteristics of a classic English seaside town but has a more sophisticated reputation than some of its boisterous neighbors. Its proximity to London makes it a popular destination for day-trippers looking for a relaxing escape from the capital.
Located on England's southeast coast, less than 60 miles from the bustling city of London, Brighton is a chic seaside town with a distinctly bohemian atmosphere. Brighton is particularly popular among the artistic crowd, and several theatrical events and festivals are held there throughout the year.
Along the seafront, there are several traditional fish and chip shops and souvenir stands. The Victorian-style Brighton Pier juts out into the English Channel and is full of restaurants and amusement arcades that cater mostly to children and families. And forget sandy beaches. Brighton's beach consists of pebbles. Although it may not be the most comfortable place for sunbathing, it is the perfect place for taking an afternoon stroll.
For a look at what lives under the sea, Brighton's Sea Life Centre is the place to go. The Sea Life Centre has been around in some form since 1872 and now houses 150 species of sea creatures native to British waters, including sea turtles, sharks, and sea horses. The Sea Life Centre is especially popular with children and is a perfect way to spend a rainy day.
Aside from its many seaside delights, Brighton is also home to some historic treasures. The Royal Pavilion brings a touch of royalty to the seaside. Once the seaside retreat of the Prince Regent (who later became King George IV), the exterior of this 19 th century pleasure palace bears a striking resemblance to some of India's most magnificent palaces. Inside, the Royal Pavilion is decorated with ostentatious displays of Oriental design. Brighton's St. Nicholas Church is the city's oldest building. The present church has been around since the mid-14 th century, but records show that an earlier church was built on that site during the Norman period.
Brighton, like its neighbor London, has a trendy fashion district with several high-end shops – as well as many well-known retail chains – to choose from. The Lanes is Brighton's historic center and features a maze of narrow alleyways lined with shops selling antiques, jewelry, perfume, and designer clothing. The Lanes also has a variety of cafés and coffee shops.
Brighton has an active nightlife that rivals that of London. There are several pubs, bars, and nightclubs to choose from, and visitors can almost always be guaranteed to find live music somewhere in town.
Brighton is a pleasant town to explore on foot, but for those rainy English days, the city also has a good bus system. Buses and trains also link Brighton to London and other neighboring towns and cities.
Although the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, the official currency is still the British Pound.
Budapest
Budapest, Hungary is one of Central Europe's largest cities and has both the old-world charms of Eastern Europe and the modern amenities of Western Europe.
Budapest straddles the Danube River, which divides it into two distinct cities: the historic Buda of the west bank and the more cosmopolitan Pest on the east bank. Within Buda is the UNESCO World Heritage site of Castle Hill.
Budapest is brimming with jaw-dropping historical sites and interesting museums. Within the Castle Hill district in Buda are the Royal Palace and National Gallery; the imposing Fisherman's Bastion, which offers stunning views of the Danube and the Pest side of the city; and the neogothic Matthias Church. On the Pest side, you'll find the State Opera House, St. Stephen's Basilica, and Heroes' Square. Some of Budapest's unique museums include the Music Museum, the Pharmacy Museum, the Museum of Medieval Judaism, the Bible Museum, and the Fashion Museum, among others.
Several bridges span the length of the Danube, linking Buda with Pest. The most iconic of these is the Chain Bridge. This is a popular spot to enjoy an afternoon stroll and admire the stunning grandeur of Budapest's Parliament building (the world's third-largest), which sits along the banks of the Danube on the Pest side of the city.
Relaxing in one of Budapest's thermal baths is a uniquely Hungarian experience and a favorite way for locals and visitors alike to unwind. There are several to choose from, but the most popular thermal baths are the Gellért Baths and the Széchenyi Baths. The Gellért Baths, housed within the exclusive Gellért Hotel, are the city's most beautiful baths. Bathers can relax in a number of thermal and medicinal pools surrounded by an intricate Art Nouveau interior. A children's pool and open-air wave pool are also available. The Széchenyi Baths are one of Europe's largest bathing complexes, and it is one of Budapest's grandest sights. The baths date as far back as 1913 and include three outdoor pools that are open year-round as well as over ten indoor pools, saunas, and diving pools. Massages and medicinal treatments are also available at the Széchenyi Baths.
Budapest has an exciting nightlife and a wide variety of coffee houses, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs at which to unwind.
Budapest has several public transportation options, including buses, trams, a metro system, trains, taxis, and even trolleys and boats.
Although Hungary is a member of the European Union, the country's official currency is still the Hungarian Forint.
Cambridge
Cambridge, England is located just 50 minutes from central London, but it seems a world away. Far from the bustle of city life, Cambridge is an idyllic English town set within the Cambridgeshire countryside, but it doesn't lack modern amenities. The city is characterized by quaint medieval streets, classical and modern architecture, traditional pubs, and lush green spaces.
Next to Oxford, Cambridge is home to England's most prestigious university and serves as a symbol of British academia. The university actually consists of 31 distinct colleges. The oldest of these, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284. The newest college, Robinson, was just established in 1979. Other notable colleges worth visiting are Corpus Christi College, Emmanuel College, Jesus College, Magdalene College, Pembroke College, Queen's College, St. John's College, and Trinity College. King's College, founded in 1441 by Henry VI, is the undisputed “star” of the university. It is famous for its ornate chapel, which features an intricate vaulted ceiling, a massive 17 th century organ, and an altarpiece painted by Rubens. King's College is also home to the King's College Choir, which still gives performances today.
In keeping with the scholarly tradition, Cambridge boasts the country's oldest bookshop. The Cambridge University Press has been selling books since 1581.
Cambridge is home to a variety of museums showcasing the city's and the university's heritage. The Fitzwilliam Museum is one of Britain's oldest public museums. With its vast collection of art and antiquities, it is considered by many to be “the finest small museum in Europe.” Kettle's Yard contains an impressive collection of modern art. The Scott Polar Institute is dedicated to the expeditions of Captain Scott and other polar explorers. Other museums include the Cambridge Museum of Technology, the Museum of Classical Archaeology, the University Museum of Zoology, and the Whipple Museum of the History of Science.
Cambridge is a very green city, and visitors will want to spend as much time admiring the outdoor scenery as possible. Many of Cambridge's colleges are clustered around large green squares, and several of them back onto the River Cam. This area is known as “The Backs.” Punters can be seen gliding along the river in boats. The University Botanic Garden is another popular place to enjoy the outdoors. And, of course, many of the city's pubs have cozy beer gardens where students can be seen unwinding from their studies with a pint.
Today, Cambridge is still a thriving market town. The Cambridge Sunday Market is open every Sunday in the city center near King's College. The market combines a farmer's market with an arts, crafts, and antiques market. A variety of interesting trinkets can be found here.
The best way to get around Cambridge is by walking, but the city also has a bus system. Trains and buses link Cambridge with London and its neighboring towns and villages.
The official currency of the United Kingdom is the British Pound.
Dublin
Characterized by rocky beaches, rugged cliffs, and misty moors, the Emerald Isle attracts millions of visitors each year, and its capital city of Dublin is one of its most popular destinations. Dublin lies on the east coast of the Republic of Ireland and has a population of less than two million. Although it is a bustling, world-class city, much of it retains a “village” atmosphere. With a rich history, strong literary traditions, and an active pub culture, Dublin has something to offer everyone.
Many people go to Ireland to visit its glorious castles. While most of Ireland's more famous castles are outside the city of Dublin, there are a few well-known ones worth visiting within the city. Dublin Castle, in the heart of historic Dublin, dates back in its present form to the 13 th century, but a Danish Viking Fortress is said to have been erected on the site as early as the 10 th century. Visitors can tour some of the castle, including the State Apartments and the Throne Room. Malahide Castle is another Dublin landmark. Surrounded by 250 acres of park land, Malahide Castle was inhabited from 1195 until as recently as 1973. The castle hosts banquets and special events and is home to the Talbot Botanic Gardens. Dublin's many cathedrals, such as Christ Church Cathedral and St. Patrick's Cathedral, are also awe-inspiring and should not be missed.
Dublin is proud of its rich literary heritage and celebrates its writers the way Hollywood celebrates its actors. Dublin was and is home to many famous writers, including William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde, Jonathan Swift, and Bram Stoker, as well as contemporary writers like Maeve Binchy, Marian Keyes, and Roddy Doyle. But Dublin's most famous son is undoubtedly James Joyce. The city has dedicated an entire museum to the author of Dubliners and Ulysses , and he is immortalized in bronze on North Earl Street. Literature-lovers will also find the Dublin Writers' Museum and the Book of Kells on display in Trinity College Library of particular interest.
An active pub culture defines the city of Dublin. There are a number of traditional pubs, bars, and nightclubs to choose from in the trendy Temple Bar area, but the best place to sample Ireland's signature drink – Guinness – is at the Guinness Storehouse. The Guinness Storehouse is Ireland's number one tourist attraction, ranking above its fairy-tale castles, ornate cathedrals, and seaside villages. The Guinness Storehouse contains seven floors dedicated to the brewing process and features tours, tastings, interactive exhibits, Guinness-themed merchandise, and a restaurant.
Dublin's city center is easy to navigate on foot, but the city also has a network of public buses, trains, and trams. Plans have been set forth to construct a metro system, but work has not yet commenced. Dublin's proximity to the sea also means that several ferries operate out of its ports, mainly ferrying passengers back and forth to England, Scotland, and Wales.
The Republic of Ireland is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Edinburgh
The Scottish capital of Edinburgh is the United Kingdom's second most popular tourist destination, behind London. Each year, Edinburgh attracts millions of visitors who are captivated by the city's mystical images of castles, kilts, and bagpipes.
Edinburgh is located on the east coast of Scotland and is home to just under 500,000 people. Edinburgh is a world center for art, literature, and culture, with the city playing host to a wide variety of festivals and events throughout the year that showcase its distinct heritage.
Edinburgh's Old and New Towns have gained distinction as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The focal point of the city is Edinburgh Castle, located in Old Town. Perched atop an extinct volcano and dating back to the 12 th century, the castle's commanding presence can be seen from nearly everywhere in the city. It is home to the Scottish crown jewels.
The Royal Mile runs through the heart of Old Town, from Edinburgh Castle to The Palace of Holyrood House, once the home of Mary, Queen of Scots and now one of Queen Elizabeth II's official Scottish residences. Along this picturesque cobblestone street are a number of traditional pubs serving fish and chips and haggis, as well as shops selling Scotch whiskey, Scottish shortbread, and tartan clothing. Notable sites include the Scotch Whiskey Heritage Center; St. Giles Cathedral; the Museum of Childhood; the Museum of Edinburgh; and John Knox's House, the city's oldest house and former home of the leader of the Protestant Reformation. Old Town is also home to the Royal Museum and Museum of Scotland; the National Gallery of Scotland; the Scottish National Portrait Gallery; and the Scott Monument, which commemorates Scotland's literary hero Sir Walter Scott.
New Town was formed in the 18 th century and is the commercial center of Edinburgh. Here, visitors will find familiar retail chains as well as several trendy restaurants and nightclubs. Sites of particular historical interest include the architectural grandeur of Charlotte Square; the well-preserved Georgian House, now a museum owned by the National Trust that reflects the lavish lifestyle of Edinburgh's 18 th century aristocrats; and Princes Street Gardens.
Edinburgh's many unique festivals attract massive crowds each year. The festival season starts with the New Year celebration of Hogmanay and includes the Edinburgh International Festival, The Fringe, the Edinburgh International Film Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh Book Festival, and the Edinburgh Jazz and Blues Festival. Next to Hogmanay, the Tattoo is perhaps the most iconic of all of the festivals. It is a symbol of Edinburgh's pageantry and Scottish pride.
Edinburgh has a good public transportation system that includes buses, trains, trams, and taxis. The nearby mountains, lochs, and villages are easily accessible from the city.
The official currency of Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom is the British Pound.
Florence
Florence, Italy attracts millions of art-lovers from around the world, and visitors are just as beguiled by the beauty of the city itself as they are by the paintings and sculptures found within its many museums. Surrounded by rolling vineyards and olive groves, Florence is the picture of the Italian ideal.
Nestled within the Tuscan region of northern Italy, on the Arno River, Florence was the center of the Italian Renaissance. The city was home to many well-known artists, writers, explorers, and scientists. Among its most famous residents were Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Raphael, Michelangelo, Dante, Machiavelli, Boccaccio, Galileo, and Amerigo Vespucci, just to name a few.
Florence is home to a number of museums and galleries that house some of the world's most famous works of art. The Uffizi Galleries boasts one of the world's most extensive collections of Renaissance art. A few of the well-known works on display are Botticelli's The Birth of Venus , Da Vinci's The Annunciation , and Dürer's The Adoration of the Magi . The highlight of the Accademy Gallery (Galleria dell'Accademia) is Michelangelo's statue of David.
Florence's many churches are works of art in themselves. The most famous of the city's churches is the Santa Maria del Fiore, known simply as The Duomo. The Duomo is perhaps Florence's most recognizable symbol, and glimpses of its majestic dome can be seen around nearly every corner of the city. Other notable churches include the Basilica di Santa Croce, the Baptistery of St. John, and the Great Synagogue of Florence.
Spanning the length of the Arno River is the architecturally stunning Ponte Vecchio bridge. The Ponte Vecchio is lined with shops selling gold jewelry, art, and souvenirs. The Ponte Vecchio is a perfect spot for taking in the sunset view of the Tuscan hills, perhaps while enjoying a gelato.
Florence is also at the heart of Italy's fashion industry. Designer shops abound, and the city is home to such world-renowned designers as Roberto Cavalli and the late Guccio Gucci. Florence is particularly famous for its leather goods, and many workshops have set up business within the city. Visitors can be sure to find a range of genuine items at any number of shops and markets, from leather jackets and handbags to shoes and belts. Buyers should beware, however, of vendors trying to sell cheap knock-offs.
Most of Florence's main attractions are within walking distance of each another, but buses and taxis are also available for trips away from the city center. Florence is notorious for its traffic, and aside from the main city center, it is not pedestrian-friendly. Extra care should be taken when crossing busy streets. Although Florence is relatively safe, visitors should also be cautious of pickpockets.
Italy is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Lisbon
Lisbon, Portugal is a modern, cosmopolitan city, but its exotic architecture and eclectic mix of cultures make visiting Lisbon like stepping into another world. Full of narrow, cobbled streets and quaint neighborhoods, Lisbon is a truly unique city unlike its European neighbors.
Lisbon has a long history centered around trade and exploration. Built on a series of seven rolling hills, Lisbon's dramatic cityscape holds a commanding presence against the River Tagus, upon which it sits. Spires, domes, and red rooftops punctuate the horizon. One might associate Lisbon with the Mediterranean, but it is actually located on the Atlantic Ocean, so its weather can be unpredictable. Spring and autumn can be particularly windy and rainy.
Lisbon's many historic buildings and monuments reflect a diverse mix of architectural styles: Roman, Moorish, Gothic, and others. One of Lisbon's most iconic landmarks, and a fine display of its architectural grandeur, is the Belém Tower. The intricate Gothic design of this imposing fortification is a striking image that seems to float on the water. The Belém Tower was built in the 16 th century to commemorate the voyage of Vasco da Gama and is, along with the nearby Jerónimos Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Castle of St. George is another of Lisbon's major attractions. The castle has presided over the city from its location on Lisbon's highest hill since at least the second century B.C.
Walking around Lisbon's many neighborhoods is one of the best ways to experience the charm and character of this exciting city. The Alfama is Lisbon's oldest district and is full of narrow, sloping streets, traditional houses, small squares, picturesque cathedrals, outdoor cafés, and fado houses. Nothing quite captures the spirit of Lisbon like the Alfama district. Other neighborhoods worth exploring include Downtown (Baixa) and Chiado, Lisbon's elegant shopping district.
Lisbon has a vibrant cultural identity. Museums and art galleries abound, but its musical traditions are perhaps what make Lisbon so special. An evening of fado music is a quintessential Lisbon experience. Fado is a classic Portuguese musical genre that began around the 1820s. Fado is a melancholy style of music featuring a singer and a guitar player and often revolves around themes of poverty and life at sea. There are several fado houses scattered throughout Lisbon where visitors can experience this unique Portuguese tradition.
Most of Lisbon's main attractions are within walking distance of each other, but the city is also equipped with a metro, buses, street cars (electricos), and funiculars.
Portugal is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Madrid
Madrid is the capital of Spain, located in the center of the Iberian peninsula in the Castilian plain. Because Madrid is a landlocked city, it has a very dry climate, and summers can see temperatures of over 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
Madrid is a truly “Spanish” city with a strong cultural identity and rich traditions. Home of flamenco dancing and bullfighting, Madrid keeps its history alive while playing an important role within modern Europe.
A stroll through the city center reveals the several “faces” of Madrid in its variety of architectural styles: Bourbon, Neo-Classical, Francoesque, Baroque, Art Deco, and Modernist, to name a few. The Plaza Mayor, at the heart of Old Madrid, is especially grand with its ornate balconies, dormer windows, and intricate frescoes that grace the facades of the surrounding buildings. In the past, Madrid's most famous square has hosted pageants, bullfights, and even public executions. Today, the Plaza Mayor is home to outdoor cafés, tapas bars, and shops.
Madrid has one of Europe's most sophisticated and active art scenes. For such a relatively small city, it has an impressive number of museums and galleries. The Prado is Madrid's most celebrated museum, containing the world's largest collection of Spanish art, including the works of Velázquez, Goya, and El Greco. The Reina Sofía showcases modern art by Picasso, Dalí, and other famous 20 th century artists.
A visit to Madrid is as much a feast for the taste buds as it is a feast for the eyes. Spain is known for its many flavors, and Madrid has no shortage of restaurants, taverns, and café-bars where visitors can sample its representative dishes. Tapas is a Spanish tradition and an important part of everyday life. Spaniards tend to go from one tapas bar to another, sampling a different dish at each establishment while enjoying the company of friends and family. Traditional tapas dishes include cured meats, grilled prawns, anchovies, stuffed peppers, potatoes, and manchego cheese, among others. Classic desserts include churros (fried dough sticks coated in sugar) dipped in hot chocolate and buñuelos (choux pastry stuffed with cream or chocolate). Typical beverages include rioja red wine and cava (Spain's version of champagne) as well as sherry, sangria, and a variety of Spanish beers.
Madrid is well-known for its nightlife, and the city is populated by a number of lively bars and nightclubs. Madrileños rarely eat dinner before 9:00 in the evening, and the party can last well into the wee hours of the morning.
Madrid can be navigated by bus, tram, or taxi and is also connected with a metro system. Visitors can travel by train to the nearby towns and villages, such as Segovia and Toleda.
Spain is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Manchester
As a symbol of England's industrial heritage, Manchester might not be on the top of most visitors' list of “must-sees” when it comes to planning a trip to England, but this cosmopolitan city has a few surprises up its sleeve.
Manchester is located in northern England between the cities of Liverpool and Leeds. Settled by the Romans in A.D. 79, Manchester experienced a boom in the 18 th century and served as a center for shipping and industry. It is often regarded as England's “second city,” next to London. Today, Manchester has built a strong identity as a center for history, culture, and sports.
A good starting place for a trip to Manchester is the Manchester Wheel. Although it may not be quite as grand as the famous London Eye, the Manchester Wheel is still an impressive structure that offers stunning views of the city.
Manchester is home a number of museums dedicated to its industrial past, including the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. Other museums and galleries include the Imperial War Museum North, the Gallery of English Costume, the Manchester Jewish Museum, and the Whitworth Art Gallery.
Manchester has a pulsating music scene and is home to the world's busiest indoor music venue, the Manchester Evening News Arena. This massive 21,000-seat arena attracts more concert-goers than New York's Madison Square Garden and London's O2 Arena. A number of well-known bands got their start in Manchester, including The Smiths, Oasis, Joy Division, The Stone Roses, and New Order. Manchester is also home to a thriving classical music scene, including two symphony orchestras and a chamber orchestra.
Manchester, like London, is a melting pot of cultures, and a number of ethnic restaurants are available within the city. Indian food is by far the most popular cuisine, and there is no shortage of curry restaurants to choose from. The Curry Mile is a mile-long stretch of road lined with curry restaurants and shops selling saris and Indian jewelry. Manchester even has its own Chinatown, full of Chinese restaurants and specialty shops.
Manchester hosts a number of unique markets and festivals. The city is particularly abuzz at Christmastime, when its Christmas markets attract large crowds with a wide variety of British and continental Christmas food and crafts. Other festivals include the Manchester International Film Festival; the Manchester Comedy Festival; the Manchester Jazz Festival; the Manchester Irish Festival; and Gaypride, which reflects the city's liberal scene.
Most of Manchester's main tourist attractions are within easy walking distance of each other, but the city also has a system of buses, trams, trains, and taxis.
The official currency of the United Kingdom is the British Pound.
Oxford
Oxford has long been a symbol of England's elite academic society. Located about 50 miles west of London in the Thames Valley, Oxford makes for an ideal day visit from London or can be used as a base for exploring some of the nearby villages of Oxfordshire and the Cotswolds.
Oxford is home to the prestigious Oxford University, England's equivalent of Ivy League. The university is actually made up of 36 colleges, many of which were founded between the 13 th and 16 th centuries. A few of the more well-known colleges are All Souls College, Christ Church College, Corpus Christi College, Lincoln College, Magdalen College, Merton College, New College, Queen's College, St. John's College, and Trinity College. Each of these colleges are architectural wonders and retain many of their original features. Several of them are surrounded by lush, manicured gardens.
Oxford has a rich literary heritage and is a bibliophile's paradise. Aside from the numerous bookshops that can be found along the high street, the Bodleian Library is a must-see. Founded in 1320, the Bodleian is one Europe's oldest libraries and one of Oxford's most treasured historic sites. The Divinity School is also housed within the library. Its intricately carved vaulted ceiling, depicting biblical scenes and a myriad of strange mythical beasts, will leave visitors spellbound.
Oxford is home to a number of impressive museums and galleries. For a true sense of the city's and the university's history, visitors should check out the Museum of Oxford. The Ashmolean Museum is Britain's oldest public museum and one of the best museums outside of London. The Ashmolean boasts a stunning collection of art and artifacts from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome and a variety of paintings by renowned artists like Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and Picasso. Admission is free.
Oxford isn't all work and no play. As one might expect with most university towns, Oxford has a thriving nightlife. There are a number of pubs and restaurants within the city, as well as cinemas, theatres, and nightclubs.
While in Oxford, visitors must participate in one of its most traditional activities: punting. Visitors can hire a boat (punt) and spend a relaxing afternoon on the River Cherwell. Chauffeured punts are also available.
Oxford is a small city, and most of its main sites are within walking distance of each other. Buses and cycles are other popular means of transport. Oxford is well linked to London and its neighboring towns and cities by trains and buses.
The official currency of the United Kingdom is the British Pound.
Prague
Since 1989's Velvet Revolution and the fall of Communism, Prague's popularity among tourists has soared at an exponential rate. Visitors come from all over the world to marvel at the city's impressive architecture and sophisticated cultural scene. Prague's central location also makes it a great base for exploring the rest of Europe.
Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic. Because it was left largely untouched during the wars, it is one of Europe's most well-preserved cities. The city center is divided into five distinct areas, each with a number of awe-inspiring sights.
Old Town Square is the heart of Prague. This expansive square is surrounded by buildings from a variety of architectural eras: Boroque, Rococo, Gothic, Romanesque. Dominating the square are the Church of St. Nicholas; the Church of Our Lady before Týn; the Old Town Hall with its famous Astronomical Clock; and the Jan Hus Monument, a memorial to the religious reformer and Czech hero Jan Hus. Restaurants, hotels, and souvenir shops line the periphery of the square. Old Town is a good place to find Czech crystal and marionettes, two of the Czech Republic's most popular souvenirs.
New Town, as its name would suggest, is more modern than the neighboring Old Town. Visitors will find many well-known retail chains here. New Town is also home to several lively clubs and bars. Despite its more commercial atmosphere, New Town does have some historic treasures, such as the National Museum; the State Opera; and the Hotel Europa, which is a stunning reflection of Art Nouveau design.
The Jewish Quarter is a grim reminder of the oppression Prague's Jewish community suffered in the past, particularly from the 16 th to the 18 th centuries. Today, the area's synagogues and museums draw crowds of people who are moved by their tragic history. The Old Jewish Cemetery is an especially emotional site. Over 12,000 gravestones stand, huddled together, within this small, walled area, but an estimated 100,000 people are buried here, one on top of the other.
The Charles Bridge, Prague's most recognized icon, stretches across the Vltava River from Old Town to the Little Quarter. Dramatic, blackened sculptures line the bridge, and all along it musicians play accordions, puppeteers put on impromptu shows, and vendors sell handmade crafts, jewelry, and landscape prints. The Little Quarter is perhaps the city's most well-preserved section; hardly any modern buildings mar its quaint and cobbled facade. Notable sights include the main Little Quarter Square; the Church of St. Nicholas (not to be confused with the Old Town church of the same name); and Wallenstein Palace, Prague's first Baroque building, and its lush gardens. The Little Quarter also contains some peaceful green spaces, including Kampa Island and Petrin Park, whose observation tower (built to resemble Paris's Eiffel Tower) offers stunning views of the city.
The historic Nerudova Street winds from the Little Quarter up to Prague Castle, located in the Hradcany district. The castle complex, dominated by St. Vitus's Cathedral, is Prague's crown jewel. From the castle gardens, visitors can gaze out at the red rooftops and hundreds of spires that define the city.
The main center of Prague is easy to navigate on foot, but the city is well-connected by a network of buses, trams, and a metro.
The Czech Republic is a member of the European Union, but the official currency is still the Czech Koruna.
Paris
Paris: the City of Lights, the City for Lovers. France's capital and largest city has a reputation as one of the most romantic cities in the world, attracting more than 30 million visitors each year. Just the name “Paris” conjures images of wide, tree-lined boulevards, outdoor cafés, and wrought-iron balconies that overlook such iconic landmarks as the Eiffel Tower.
Paris is located on the River Seine and is divided into 20 arrondissements, or districts, and includes two islands: the Île de la Cité and the Île Saint-Louis. Most of Paris's major attractions can be found within the city center, including Notre-Dame Cathedral, the Arc de Triomphe, the Eiffel Tower, and the Musée du Louvre, to name a few.
The Eiffel Tower is unquestionably Paris's most popular attraction. What was originally meant to be a temporary fixture built for the Universal Exhibition of 1889 has since become the symbol of Paris.
Paris is home to some of the world's most impressive museums and galleries. The Louvre is perhaps one of the world's most renowned art museums. Most people visit the Louvre to admire the Mona Lisa, but the Louvre also contains a vast collection of Oriental, Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan, and African art, among others – from paintings to sculptures to ancient artifacts. The museum's exterior is just as grand as its interior with its famous modern glass pyramids contrasting with the building's traditional Renaissance architecture.
Montmartre is the highest point in Paris. Its centerpiece is Sacré-Coeur, the impressive white cathedral that dominates the city skyline from nearly every vantage point. Montmartre is popular with the artistic and literary scene and is quintessential Paris: narrow, cobblestone streets; posh boutiques; trendy bistros. Montmartre is a popular place to enjoy a café au lait or a crème brûlée at one of its many outdoor cafés. Visitors can cap off an evening in Montmartre with a show at the famous Moulin Rouge nightclub.
Paris is often referred to as “the fashion capital of the world” and boasts world-class shopping opportunities. The Champs-Élysées – and its neighboring avenues – is home to some of the world's most famous designers: Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior, Chanel, and Hermès, among others. Because the Champs-Élysées is such a magnet for tourists, there are also a number of familiar retail chains here. The Opéra district is also home to several exclusive boutiques, including the famous Galeries Lafayette, which rivals London's famous Harrod's department store.
Amidst all of the excitement that Paris has to offer are a number of parks and gardens, each one meticulously cared for. The Tuileries and Luxembourg Gardens are the city's largest and most visited gardens.
Paris has an extensive system of public transportation, including buses, trains, taxis, and a metro. The city also launched a bike rental system, called Vélib', in 2007. Bicycles can be rented from a number of locations throughout the city for as little as 1 Euro a day.
France is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Rome
The ancient city of Rome is Europe's third most visited destination, behind London and Paris. Nicknamed the “Eternal City,” Rome has a timeless appeal.
Rome, located on the Tiber River in central Italy, has a history dating back almost 3,000 years. It has seen its share of emperors and dictators, from Caesar to Mussolini. Today, Rome remains the center of Christianity; the independent city-state of the Vatican City is the seat of the Catholic church and home of the pope.
Rome is a history-lover's paradise, with a treasure trove of archaeological gems around nearly ever corner. The most iconic symbol of Rome is the Colosseum, built in A.D. 72. The Colosseum was Rome's greatest amphitheatre, where massive crowds of spectators gathered to watch the gladiators. The Roman Forum was the heart of ancient Rome's political, legal, and religious life. Today, the Forum contains the ruins of several temples, basilicas, and markets and is, along with the Colosseum, one of Rome's most popular attractions. The Pantheon is a magnificent temple built to honor the Roman gods. Visitors come from all over the world to marvel at the impressive dome, marble floors, and tomb of Raphael.
Rome boasts some of the world's most beautiful churches and basilicas, each one more stunning than the last. The most famous of these churches is St. Peter's, located in the tiny city-state of the Vatican. The enormous St. Peter's Square (Piazza San Pietro) attracts thousands of pilgrims on Sundays and religious occasions, when the pope makes blessings from his balcony. The symmetry of the piazza can be admired from atop the dome. Inside, visitors are treated to a visual feast. The dramatic dome, designed by Michelangelo, has made many a jaw drop. A number of magnificent monuments and sculptures, including Michelangelo's famed Pietà , are scattered throughout the sanctuary. The Vatican's other main attractions are the Vatican Museums and the Castel Sant' Angelo. The Vatican Museums are home to some of the world's most impressive works of art, as well as the famous Sistine Chapel. The Castel Sant' Angelo has served many purposes since its construction in A.D. 139; originally, it was part of the city wall, but it it has also served as a medieval citadel and prison and a residence of the popes.
Rome has several awe-inspiring public squares and fountains. No visitor should leave the city without seeking out Trevi Fountain and the Spanish Steps.
Getting around Rome is easy with its network of public buses, trams, taxis, and metro. Pedestrians should be extra cautious when trying to navigate amongst the heavy traffic.
Italy is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Venice
Located on the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy, many people consider Venice – along with Paris – to be one of the most romantic cities in the world.
Venice is built on 118 small islands that are connected by a maze of canals, bridges, and winding streets. The “City of Water” has inspired countless writers and artists and is a favorite destination for honeymooning couples throughout the world. Behind every corner of the city, a scene worthy of a postcard reveals itself.
You might think that if you've seen one Venice bridge, you've seen them all, but each one is indeed unique, and some in particular are worth seeking out. The Rialto Bridge is Venice's most famous bridge. This grand stone arch is the oldest of three bridges that span the Grand Canal and is an iconic symbol of Venice. Next to the Rialto Bridge, the Bridge of Sighs is Venice's second most famous bridge. The Bridge of Sighs connects the old prisons to the interrogation rooms in the adjacent Doge's Palace and was the last view of Venice prisoners had before being locked up. The bridge's official name is the Ponte dei Sospiri, but it was given its poetic name by Lord Byron in the 19 th century to reflect the despair that the prisoners must have felt as they caught the last glimpses of their beloved city.
Venice is dotted with a number of public squares. St. Mark's Square (the Piazza San Marco) is Venice's largest and most crowded. St. Mark's Square is a popular meeting place for tour groups – and pigeons. Visitors can often be seen feeding the city's most famous residents. Among the buildings lining the perimeter of the square are St. Mark's Basilica, Venice's most famous church; the Doge's Palace; St. Mark's Clocktower; St. Mark's Campanile (bell tower), which provides stunning views of Venice from its top; and a number of outdoor cafés.
Venice is home to several churches and small chapels. Next to St. Mark's Basilica, the city's second most famous church is the Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute. The Salute, as it is known, is one of Italy's most photographed churches, and it is easy to see why. It seems to float on the canal, its intricate dome dominating the horizon.
Venice is known for its artisan traditions, particularly that of glass-blowing and lace-making. The center of Venice's glass-making trade is the nearby island of Murano. Murano has been making glass since the 13 th century and is home to the Glass Museum (Museo Vetrario). Visitors can find exquisite glass vases, wine goblets, and jewelry at any number of local shops. The island of Burano is home to Venice's lace-making trade. The Museum of Burano showcases the different lace-making techniques that have been used since the 16 th century, including examples of intricately-woven tablecloths, fans, and gloves.
There is no car traffic in Venice. The city is best navigated on foot or by water buses (vaporetti) or water taxis. The most popular way for visitors to travel within Venice is by gondola. Nothing epitomizes the Venetian experience more than riding a gondola along the Grand Canal.
Italy is a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Vienna
The imperial city of Vienna, located on the Danube River, is one of Europe's grandest destinations. With its impressive architecture, sophisticated musical culture, and rich cuisine, it is easy to see why the Austrian capital attracts so many visitors.
Vienna's history can be traced as far back as the Celtic times, but its most prosperous period was during the rule of the Hapsburg empire, from the 15 th to the 19 th centuries. The Hapsburgs' legacy is still present today in many of Vienna's buildings and traditions.
Among Vienna's many royal palaces and residences are Schönbrunn Palace, the Hofburg, and the Belvedere. Built to resemble France's Versailles Palace, Schönbrunn Palace is one of Vienna's most spectacular buildings and one of the city's leading tourist attractions. The palace was once the home of Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and mother of Marie Antoinette. Within the palace grounds are well-manicured gardens, a maze, a Palm House with an impressive collection of exotic plants, a zoo, and a Coach Museum that houses the royal coaches and sedan cars.
Another of the Hapsburgs' contributions to Viennese culture is the Spanish Riding School, home of the famous Lippizzaner Stallions. The Spanish Riding School is housed within the expansive Hofburg complex and includes a museum, stables, and an exquisite performance arena.
Encircling Vienna's city center is the Ringstrasse, a grand boulevard lined with museums, churches, shops, and cafés. “The Ring” separates the Stephansdom and Hofburg Quarters from the suburbs.
Vienna is well-known for its musical heritage. The Vienna Opera House is one of the world's most renowned musical venues. The Vienna Boys Choir is a time-honored Austrian institution, founded in the 15 th century by the Hapsburgs. The Vienna Philharmonic's New Year's Concert, featuring the music of Strauss, Mozart, and their contemporaries, is the hottest ticket in town. The concert has gained popularity since its first performance in 1939 and is now broadcast in over 50 countries. Tickets sell out years in advance.
The Prater Park provides visitors with a more laid back type of amusement. The Prater is one of Europe's largest funfairs, complete with rides, games, food stands, and beer gardens. The park's most famous landmark is its giant Ferris Wheel, which provides riders with spectacular views of the park and its surroundings.
Vienna has an active coffee culture, and there are many coffee houses to choose from. Lovers of a different type of brew have a number of Austrian beers to choose from at any of the city's beer halls. Vienna is known for several culinary specialties, such as the Vienna sausage (or frankfurter ); Wiener Schnitzel; apple strudel; and the Sachertorte, a rich chocolate cake served at the famous Sacher Hotel.
Vienna's main center is best explored on foot, but the city also has an underground system called the U-Bahn as well as trams, buses, trains, and even horse-drawn carriages.
Austria is part of the European Union. The official currency is the Euro.
Zurich
Zurich may not seem like the obvious choice when it comes to planning a romantic European vacation. Its identity as a business and financial center doesn't exactly reflect the “holiday idyll.” But snow-capped peaks, crisp alpine lakes, and an exciting nightlife make this Swiss city well worth discovering.
Zurich is Switzerland's largest city, with a population of less than 400,000. It is located in the country's central region, snuggled within the Alps on the edge of Lake Zurich. The official language of Zurich and the surrounding areas is German; other regions of Switzerland speak French and Italian.
Most of Zurich's “must-sees” are within the Old Town, clustered around the lakefront. Its churches, museums, and public squares retain a distinctly old-world atmosphere. Zurich's main churches – the Grossmünster Church, Fraumünster Church, and St. Peter's Church – are popular attractions and should not be missed. The Fraumünster Church's striking stained glass windows, designed by famed artist Marc Chagall, and St. Peter's Church's massive clockface (the largest in Europe) are major Zurich highlights.
Zurich has a thriving arts and cultural scene, and there are over 50 museums and galleries in the city to prove it. Among the most interesting and popular are the Landesmuseum, dedicated to Swiss history; the Reitberg Museum, which showcases an impressive collection of Asian art; the Circus Museum, the only one of its kind in Switzerland; and the Johann Jacobs Museum, which features an exhibition about the cultural history of coffee. Zurich's Opera House is world-renowned for its musical and ballet productions.
The heart of Zurich's shopping district is Bahnhofstrasse, and it rivals Paris and London as one of Europe's most elegant commercial streets. Here you'll find designer boutiques, large department stores, and souvenir shops selling typical Swiss goods like clocks and watches, Swiss army knives, and chocolate. Zurich's other main shopping districts are those of Niederdorf and Storchengasse, both located in Old Town. Schipfe is Zurich's hub for artisans and craftsmen, with a range of unique shops, restaurants, and cafés to choose from. Its picturesque location on the waterfront makes it one of the most beautiful spots in the city.
Zurich has an active nightlife. With over 500 bars, clubs, and discos to choose from, visitors are never short of exciting opportunities.
Zurich is a compact city that is easily walkable. The city also has a system of buses, trams, trains, and boats.
Switzerland is one of the few European countries that is not a member of the European Union. The official currency is the Swiss Franc. Switzerland is one of the world's wealthiest countries, and prices reflect this.
Europe .
For century's famous travellers left Europe to explore new lands, trade with far away peoples, and return with wonderful stories. In the 21 st Century, though, the opposite is true. Europe is now the most visited continent, with millions every year taking a trip to one of the forty plus countries who pride themselves on being part of this eclectic union.
To describe Europe in one word, it would be diverse . Nowhere else does the landscape change so rapidly, or so often. Cultures, religions, languages, and traditions, can all be different in towns just a few miles from each other. The style of buildings, roads, even clothes, can tell the seasoned European traveller quite accurately which area he might be in, even if his map has long since vanished.
That diversity is the reason so many head to Europe . Colourful festivals, thousands of miles of beaches, centuries of history, breathtaking lakes and mountains, vibrant and cultural cities, and mouth-watering cuisine, all draw travellers from far and wide.
For many their first experience of Europe will be London , which has the busiest airport in the world at Heathrow. They say ‘if you're tired of London , you're tired of life', and there's certainly a vibrancy about this city that you automatically buy into as you tread the well-worn tourist trail. The best way to see the city centre is on foot. Witness the ‘Changing of the Guard' at Buckingham Palace , and then walk along The Mall to Trafalgar Square . Time your day to be in Covent Garden around lunchtime, and soak up the atmosphere in a pavement café whilst watching the bustling markets and street entertainment. In the afternoon, a trip on the London Eye will give you a bird's eye view of the city, and in the evening the lively bars and restaurants around Leicester Square and Piccadilly Circus are the place to be. If you have more time, all the major London museums are free to enter. If you happen to be in London on the August Bank Holiday weekend, then the famous Notting Hill Carnival is a must. Second only to Rio de Janeiro 's carnival in size, it's a three day spectacular of music and colour.
Around the rest of the United Kingdom marvel at picture postcard villages, and rose clad thatched cottages. They are the real England , not just for the travel brochures, and surprisingly common. First stop outside London is often Stonehenge , a four thousand year old enigma of massive stones for tourists to wonder at, and historians to argue over. But continue southwest to the rugged Atlantic and Channel coasts, and to Land's End . Tiny fishing villages nestled in rocky inlets are the place to sample England 's best know cuisine – Fish and Chips.
Take time to admire the Roman remains in the city of Bath , before crossing the towering Clifton suspension bridge into Wales . Immediately the landscape changes and the mountains grow higher as you travel north towards Mount Snowdon . You can walk up from the nearby village in a few hours along a reasonable good path, or take the little mountain railway if you've booked early enough to get a seat.
The north of England also boasts some high peaks in the walker's paradise of the Lake District , but for the really dramatic scenery continue on to the Scottish Highlands. Here the landscape has been largely unspoilt since the Loch Ness Monster was still a baby. Scotland 's capital city, Edinburgh , is worthy of special note, and is best enjoyed during the three week long Edinburgh Festival. This brings all manner of arts and entertainments to fill every venue you can find, creating a wonderful party type atmosphere, and boosting the alcohol sales significantly.
From Scotland , it's a short ferry crossing to Ireland . With the exception of Dublin , which has much the same atmosphere all year round as the Edinburgh Festival, Ireland is probably the best place in Europe to visit if you want to sit back and relax. There is a warm welcome, and little to do except enjoy the pleasant green countryside, and enjoy a chat with the friendly locals. It has an endearing feel, and you'll leave with the impression that you are almost one of the family.
Britain 's other neighbour has a whole different feel. Head south-east from London through the county of Kent , known as the Garden of England . Follow the same road that the Roman army built when it invaded in 43AD, and you'll arrive at Dover . Famous for its white cliffs, and the towering castle overlooking the English Channel, its just 22 miles from France .
As soon as you arrive on mainland Europe you immediately notice how different it feels. There are the obvious things such as driving on the right, but somehow you can just sense you are in France . Avoid jumping on the motorway and heading to Paris . Instead take some time to enjoy the relaxed atmosphere and stylish 19 th century resorts of northern France , such as Le Touquet, and Dinard, or picturesque fishing villages such as Boulogne and Honfleur. If you're into history there is ample opportunity to visit museums and the invasion beaches of Normandy , of for the more cultural, Rouen demands some time to appreciate fully. Although the city has been largely restored since the Second World War, the medieval style still impresses, and the Cathedral de Notre Dame which dates from the 12 th Century is mostly original. The shuttered windows on the town houses, the smell of cheese shops, and bustle of pretty pavement café's adds to the general laid back ambience.
It's an ambience that Paris itself, in the city centre at least, seems largely to have lost. The street life of modern day Paris is very different from that seen in those romantic movies from the 1950's. The café's, bars, and restaurants along the River Seine, and Champs Elysee add to an atmosphere that is busy, lively, and chic. Favourite pastimes here are sipping coffee, reading, and people watching. It's a strange combination alongside a city which otherwise is so busy. It was during the time of Louis XIV that this most glamorous of European capitals first rose to prominence, and its style and elegance are still much in evidence. The main tourist zone is quite compact, making it an easy walk to take in the sights. Top of everyone's list is the Eiffel Tower , of course, but go early to avoid the queues in the summer months. The views from the first and second level are often better than the extreme top on cloudy days, so glance upwards and check its worth waiting for your turn in the lift before you line up. If you want a more comfortable view, try the Montparnasse Tower – Eiffel's modern air-conditioned and fully enclosed neighbour – that has equally panoramic views.
Across the Seine it's a short walk to the Arc de Triomphe, at the head of the Champs Elysee. A wonderful monument somewhat spoiled by being the centre point of a six lane roundabout. At the opposite end of this famous boulevard is La Louvre, where you can gaze into the eyes of the Mona Lisa. If architecture is more your thing, cross the bridge to the Cathedral Notre Dame, built on an island in the river, and without a hunchback in sight. This area has some of the best small restaurants in the city. France is much hailed for its cuisine, but do ask the waiters for a translation of the menu if your French isn't good, as some choices are very much an acquired taste.
From Paris , many families head east to Disneyland, but for a more relaxing exit to Paris , call in at the Palace of Versailles . The building itself may not be as beautiful as many other French stately homes, but is notable for its links to Louis XIV and Napoleon. It is a huge affair, lavish as you would expect, and with delights such as the hall of mirrors. But don't spend all your time on the interior, as the endless gardens also need exploring. The formal layout nearer the palace has beautifully tended beds, fountains, and most of the visitor attention, but wander further and you will discover the best parts.
If impressive buildings and lush green scenery impress you, then continue on to the Loire and Dordogne Valley regions. It's an area sadly missed by those intent on rushing south to the sunny beaches of the Mediterranean, but with a little planning can be a delight to sample.
It's easy to be overwhelmed when you look at the list of chateaus in the Loire valley, but if you make a stop to marvel at the beauty of Azay-le-Rideau, and take in the fortified medieval chateau at Loches, you won't be disappointed. If your schedule allows, Chenonceaux, built across the river, and home to Henry II's lover, has plenty so view. Its will need time though, so go if you're in a rush.
Further south in the Dordogne , it's the scenery that will have you reaching for your cameras. Pretty villages nestle amid every shade of green, and the rivers sparkle through gaps in the trees on every road. Upstream are the high cliffs and steep valleys, where you shouldn't miss the famous stone-age cave paintings Les Eyzies.
Germany also has its share of picturesque river valley's, with a similarly generous sprinkling of castles, villages, and viewpoints. The Rhine is most spectacular in the area of the high gorge between Rudesheim and Koblenz . The roads hug the river banks on both sides of this fifty mile stretch, vying for space with the railway and cycle paths. The western side has the best views, especially of the famed Lorelei rock, but the eastern bank has the best villages. Rudesheim has its narrow Drosselgasse, which is hailed as the prettiest street in Europe , full of surprisingly reasonable bars and restaurants. Near the top you can climb aboard the cable car for a short ride to the summit.
Further south the Rhine is not so impressive, until you reach the thundering Rhine Falls just over the Swiss border. Southern Germany is much visited for another reason, though. The Black Forest is actually a general term for around a thousand square kilometres of dark forest, interlaced with serene lakes, spa towns, and a labyrinth of paths and tracks. It's a walker's paradise, and no longer the misty wilderness of a century ago.
Germany 's south-west should also be considered, at least for the lavish architecture of Munich , the medieval splendour of Rothenburg, and the world famous towers of Neuchwanstein Castle just a few miles from the Austrian border. If it looks familiar it's because it was the inspiration for the Disneyland castle, and was used in the classic children's film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.
Heading back the river valley's, in the heart of the Neckar Valley is the historic city of Heidelberg . For such an old city, it has a strangely cosmopolitan feel, with the bustle of students and tourists along the main streets and riverside. It's a great place to try that German delicacy, the cream cake, which will have you drooling as you make your choice.
Koblenz sits at the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle , in front of a huge monument known as the Deutsches Eck, or German Corner. If you're able to be here for the Rhine in Flames festival each autumn, you'll see spectacular firework and light shows across the river, where the massive Ehrenbreitstein castle dominates the skyline. As with even the most minor festivals in German, the party spreads across the city, for these are people who love to enjoy themselves. Wine festivals, beer festivals, carnival, and New Year, are all good examples, but if you're in Germany at the time of any such event, don't expect an early night!
The Moselle valley is more gentle, greener, and covered in every direction with vineyards. For a trip with a difference try cycling along the excellent cycle paths that are common to most of Central Europe . Stop off in the medieval village of Bernkastel , which despite becoming very touristy in recent years, still maintains is relaxed charm. Closer to the Luxembourg border is the Roman city of Trier . This is Germany 's oldest city, which avoided the worst ravages of the Second World War to retain an impressive amount of architecture and monuments from its time as Emperor Constantine's western capital.
On the north-western side of the river the rolling green hills begin to get higher and more dramatic, as you head up into the Ardennes , and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The capital, Luxembourg City , is built around two deep river gorges. The old city around the Palais Grand Ducal is pleasant to wander through, and the views of the canyons from the Fortress Walls will be the ones to your album. The locals are pleasant, business-like, but seem content to let tourists just do their thing unhindered, which can be a refreshing change.
Neighbouring Belgium is often written off by tourists as having little to offer, but there are a few notable exceptions. The country was not lucky with its design when it comes to attracting visitors, since the best towns to visit all lie on the flat coastal areas closer to the coast, and the infinitely more attractive high Ardennes has only a few places worthy of a stop.
Brussels straddles the dividing line between the countries two population groups, Flemish speaking in the north, and French speaking Walloons in the south. You will see most signs written in both languages, which can get confusing. The museums and galleries in the centre, the beautiful architecture of the old city, and the lively street scene and nightlife rival the best in Europe , although without the hype. And that really says a lot about the Belgian people. They are quiet, unassuming, but very welcoming and a delight to spend time with.
Standing high over the north of the city is perhaps the most visited landmark, the Atomium. Prepare to feel un-nerved as you travel about inside it on moving stairs, as it plays tricks on your sense of direction. It was built in the 1950's for the World Fair, and now houses a museum and an overpriced restaurant. History buffs will want to head south to the site of the Battle of Waterloo, and more recent battlefields and much visited cemeteries from the First World War on both sides of the French border.
On the coastal plain are the delightful historic towns of Bruges and Ghent . The centres have much to remind the visitor of their trading heyday in centuries past; although today they owe much more to the coaches full of travellers. The coast itself has little of note, although the sandy beaches can be appealing in good weather. Towards the Dutch border you find the city of Antwerp . It's busy, congested, and in places somewhat run down, as seems common with many large ports. But the jewel in its crown – literally – it having the largest diamond industry in the world. There are plenty of opportunities to visit diamond producers, museums, and jewellers who will delight in parting you from your cash. But the skilled work of the diamond cutters is a marvel to watch.
Along with Luxembourg and Belgium , Holland (or The Netherlands, depending on your preference) makes up the trio known as the Low Countries . To most people it means windmills, canals, flowers, and clogs. It has an enviable quality of making visitors feel like they belong there, that they are amongst friends, and that they can relax.
If Antwerp 's diamond's shine for Belgium , then for the Dutch it's the bulbfields. For two months each spring thousands come to gaze in awe at mile after mile of brightly coloured fields, with tulips, daffodils, and more. Keukenhof is the largest in the world, with a mind blowing six million flowers on display.
Amsterdam is a happy marriage of new and old, as canals lined with medieval merchants houses blend seamlessly with modern clubs and bars. It's a city that makes you feel young, vibrant, and just pleased to be there. Check out the Rijksmuseum for a glimpse into a past when Amsterdam was one of the trading capitals of the world, and take the obligatory canal trip to see the sights.
Holland is a country that's best explored slowly. The fact that it's flat means many visitors choose to do this on a cycling holiday. Campsites, hostels, and guest houses, are frequent, friendly, and reasonable. Meander along tree-lined canals and through pretty towns with pedestrianised centres, you'll begin to feel you're part of a much larger family, who all have bikes and are also on holiday. Everyone will nod and say hello as they pass, and happily give you directions if you're lost.
To the north the coast is long, generally uncrowded, and mostly sandy, as it continues across into Germany . In fact the north of Germany has many similarities and links to Holland , although perhaps the locals are a little slower with that welcoming smile than their Dutch neighbours.
If you really want to experience a city with a difference, Berlin will confuse, amaze, and inspire you, all at the same time. Divided for so long, the affluent and arty western side is still very different to the post communist eastern areas. It's a bewildering mix of rebuilding, both physically and emotionally. Reunification was sought for so long, and now it seems nobody is quite sure what to do now its here. The more adventurous will revel in the nightlife, which varies from the regular nightclubs to some extremely ‘alternative' venues.
The Scandinavian countries of Denmark , Sweden , Norway , and Finland , enjoy a relatively low key tourist industry, often trading visitors largely amongst themselves. Denmark is home to the children's construction giant Lego, and thousands flock to the colourful Legoland theme park to inspire their children, and remember their own childhood. Norway 's visitors often don't even set foot on dry land, with cruises through the fjords attracting an ever-increasing fan base. The steep cliffs tower over even the largest liner, with waterfalls cascading down, and forests lining the sides. In Sweden and Finland those forests attract their visitors when covered with snow, as this is Lapland . Trips to see Santa Claus at home in the frozen north have thrilled many young travellers in recent years, and shown their parents a part of Europe that before would have seldom seen foreigners.
The countries of what was communist Europe are slowly beginning to develop their facilities to welcome tourists. For many, now is a good time to go there, before the inevitable commercialism takes over too much, and while the original feel of the countries remains undiluted. Polish hospitality, for example, at the moment is still probably the best in Europe . Stay in any one place for more then a couple of days and you will certainly leave having made new friends, and probably you'll have been to their house, if not a cousin's wedding. Sacrifice a visit to the modern capital Warsaw in favour of the old capital Krakow , which is where you'll find the elegant buildings, and historic roots from the days of the monarchy. If you have transport, a drive along the Vistula River boasts scenery and castles to rival the Rhine, and the beauty and tranquillity of the Tatras mountains attracts hikers and writers to its alpine air.
Mountains don't respect national boundaries, of course, and the Tatras continue south into neighbouring Slovakia . The terrain means scenery is the main draw for visitors coming to this deeply religious country. There are pretty medieval towns, and some promising spa towns, but don't expect a sophisticated tourism industry just yet. The other half of the former union, the Czech Republic , has a far more refined approach to visitors. Indeed it has done for several hundred years, as it was the favoured hideaway of many of Europe 's aristocracy and well-to-do. The lush green Bohemian countryside hides many villages which have changed little since the middle ages, and the capital, Prague , has architecture to match that of London or St Petersburg . Considering its central European location, it's something of a miracle that so many wars have barely touched it. The castle and St Vitus Cathedral, which dates from the 14 th Century, are a striking combination, and dominate the old city. The adjacent Royal Gardens give a hint of Prague 's high status past, and the former summer house, called the Belvedere, houses an impressive art collection. At night it's very much a young persons city, with a pavement café type feel, albeit with mostly classical music, that is still rare in Eastern Europe .
To the south is Hungary , the rebel of the Balkan countries, and perhaps the last undiscovered gem of central Europe . Despite being the first Communist bloc country to open its borders, travelling independently is still the only real way to see the undulating lands away from the capital, Budapest . The resort towns on the banks of the Lake Balaton still fill mostly with local tourists, but if you can find a space the atmosphere is lively and the scenery very picturesque. More suited to western tastes are the villages along the river Danube , especially as it twists amid the high valleys upstream from the capital.
Budapest itself, or more truthfully the twin towns of Buda and Pest , is not to be missed. The ‘ Pearl of the Danube ' is nowhere better appreciated than on Castle Hill, where a succession of kings have built their palaces on the imposing plateau. Go early to avoid the crowds, and try the century old funicular for a touch of style. The old town areas on both banks are crammed with ornate, impressive, historic buildings, best seen as you amble around the ancient streets. Take time to try one of the many superb restaurants, and sample the Hungarian national dish of Goulash, or local speciality cherry soup. If you can be in the city for Constitution Day in August, the river area comes alive with celebrations culminating in a huge firework display.
The Black Sea countries of Romania and Bulgaria , like Hungary , need independently exploring to see the best of the lands away from the coast. But neither are the easiest due to poor infrastructure, a lack of accommodation, and unenthusiastic locals. If you persevere you'll be richly rewarded with high mountainous countryside, fortified towns, and the impression you've stepped back in time to the 19 th Century. The fabled Transylvania is perhaps the most visually stunning in Romania , or its Bulgarian counterpart the Rila mountains. The coastal resorts are well established, if not quite up to the standards of Spain or Italy , and represent good value for money.
The beaches of Greece , of course, have been long established as a visitor's paradise. Around 4000 years! With over 150 islands surrounding the mainland there are plenty to choose from. Greece and her islands have been invaded so many times, and from every direction, over the centuries that it's hard to tell where any particular style has derived from. It would be impossible in the space here to give even a general guide to all the islands, as each is unique, and every one worth visiting in its own way. History is everywhere, as are modern hotels, café's, and bar's, but the one thing you will always remember from a stay in Greece is the people. Many still wear the traditional embroidered costumes, smile at you with missing teeth as they sit mending fishing nets, or embroidering yet more clothes. At the merest sign of an excuse, they will be dancing, playing music, and hugging you. If you want to see more than one island there are numerous ferries, or if your budget is higher maybe consider one of the many sailing tours or cruises. On the mainland, Athens must be your main destination. Overlooked by the magnificent Parthenon, there has been a city here for over 7000 years, and much of the city still feels stuck in the past. Chickens still run in dusty yards next to modern banks. Locals will carry a pig to the market on a gleaming new bus. It's a hot, bustling, chaotic place, and one that will be etched on your memory forever.
By contrast, its ancient rival, Rome , is far more a modern city whilst still celebratory of its glorious and historic past. The modern, cosmopolitan feel of the city away from the relics is wholly in contrast to the feel around the Coliseum, for example. Rome is a city that needs time, not least because to piece together how 2000 year-old remains relate to each other, amid a mass of modern roads and buildings, is like figuring out a giant jigsaw puzzle. But time is something most Romans, and indeed most Italian city dwellers, seem to have little of. Everything is done in a rush; traffic hustles for position at every set of lights, then races to the next to do the same again. Venice is the obvious exception, due only to its lack of suitable roads. Even on the canals, though, there is a definite one-upmanship amongst the gondola pilots, as they guide you around the sights. Venice is a pretty city, which, if it wasn't for the water, would deserve far less attention. But water it has, and so tourists come in their thousands to stand in St Mark's Square, cross the Rialto Bridge , and see the Basilica. Go well away from these areas to find a sensibly priced café, and try and avoid coming in peak season.
The other main city of Northern Italy high on most traveller's ‘must see' list is Florence . Very much a city to appreciate the fine and the beautiful in terms of art and architecture, the city is not as glamorous as Paris, or as ornate as Prague, but the museums house some of Italy's most famous works, and you'll come away feeling a sense of satisfaction and awe. The cities of Italy 's south have less to attract, but are a good base to explore the countries other marvels. Naples is a short drive from the monastery at Monte Cassino, the spectacularly pretty Amalfi coast, and probably the most memorable place you will ever visit in Europe, Pompeii . The Roman city which was destroyed by the nearby volcano Vesuvius leaves visitors amazed, sad, and visibly moved.
In the extreme north of Italy the Alps rise dramatically, with a series of long thin mountain lakes. In the summer, the mountains both in Italy , and neighbouring Slovenia , Austria , Switzerland , and France , are frequented by hikers, climbers, and those who marvel at the dramatic scenery. When the snow comes, they are replaced by skiers, snowboarders, and the like, as the busy winter sports scene takes over. Switzerland has the most dramatic scenery, with resorts such as St Moritz and Davos attracting the rich and famous to its slopes. Austria and France are more reasonably priced, and with an equally wide variety of facilities. All share a great ambience, and the evening ‘après-ski' is as important part of your holiday as the time on the snow. The French Alps continue all the way to the Mediterranean, and provide the stunning backdrop to resorts such as Nice, and the tiny principality of Monaco .
Monte Carlo is for the rich. There is little to keep you here if you can't dig deep in your pockets. However, it is an interesting stop for a few hours to marvel over the Ferrari's, Lamborghini's and other expensive marques, and spot the odd celebrity. It is also surprisingly friendly, and one of the safest places in Europe .
Further along the coast in resorts such as Cannes , and St Tropez, the welcome is more formal, and the glamour reserved for the areas close to the beach. Much of France 's Mediterranean coast is now covered with lines of tents and mobile homes, as the masses head to the area for their two weeks in the sun. As you approach the Spanish border it can sometimes feel like the whole world has moved into a tent, although inland the Pyrenees, and mountain locked Andorra , provide a welcome diversion, and a more rugged scenic appeal than the Alps .
The Spanish coast is similarly taken over by tourism, although here it's almost continuous hotels along the various Costa's. It's difficult to find a quiet, unspoilt beach in the entire length from the French border to Gibraltar . That's not to say it's all unpleasant. It's not. The coastal towns have a certain charm, much aided by the generally good weather. But they unmistakeably exist for the tourists, and you won't find much in the way of traditional Spain here. Travel a few miles inland, however, and you begin to see what a diverse and interesting land it really is. One of pony trekking holidays, wine festivals, and little hilltop villages that have changed little since the 19 th Century.
Cities such as Barcelona , Grenada , Cordoba , and Seville , all have much to offer, and certainly more than the capital, Madrid . Spain has a multitude of festivals, carnivals, and fiesta's. The Running of the Bulls at Pamplona is best watched from a vantage point high enough to avoid the bulls' horns, as the novices tend to make the best targets for the beasts. The April Fiera in Seville is another to savour, when the whole city is given over to a week of flamenco music and dancing, with bullfights in the stadium, and general revelry around the streets. For the arts inclined head north to the Atlantic port of Bilbao , and its wonderful modern art galleries and liberated atmosphere.
If you're still looking for that secluded beach, however, then head west to Portugal . The southern Algarve coast has sandy coves, backed by low rocky cliffs, and for the most part plenty of space. It has a far more relaxed feel to the Spanish resorts. Portugal is far more golf and wine, compared to Spain 's volleyball and beer. The Atlantic coast is still largely unspoilt, as is Portugal 's interior. As a seafaring nation, this is the place to try some of the best seafood in Europe , washed down with some locally produced wine.
Not only is Europe diverse, so is every country within it. It's friendly, welcoming, wonderfully scenic, with exciting cities, and amazing history. It will give you great memories, wonderful stories, and without doubt, it will leave you wanting more.
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